br Conclusion Based on the fluorescence intensity changes of

Conclusion Based on the fluorescence intensity changes of p65 in this study, LPS at concentration of 0.01, 0.1 and 10μg/mL can significantly activate NF-κB signaling pathway (P<0.05) and stimulate the gsk3 inhibitor of p65. The maximum express was achieved at a LPS concentration of 1μg/mL and treatment duration of 30min (P<0.01). CGMP with the tested doses can all inhibit the expression of p65 in LPS-stimulated HT-29 cells, with the optimum concentration of 0.01μg/mL and treatment duration of 48h (P<0.05). Therefore, CGMP can inhibit the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway by inhibiting the expression of p65, which provides a theoretical basis for the improvement and treatment of colorectal cancer triggered by IBD through the regulation of NF-κB signaling pathway.
Introduction Currently the consumption of fruits and vegetables is gaining attention of worldwide for the health benefits which includes cardioprotective, anticancer, anti-diabetic and anti-obesity properties. The bioactive compounds such as polyphenols including flavonoids, tannins, catechins, vitamins C and E, β-carotene, etc., and several others confer these health protective benefits. The mixture of these compounds may provide better protection than single phytochemical due to their synergistic effects [1]. All these compounds have been ascribed to the scavenging of free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and preventing the oxidation of biomolecules that can break reaction chains of pathogens in the deterioration of physiological functions. Specifically free radicals produce cell damages, tissue injuries and increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The source of oxidative stress is a cascade of ROS leaking from the mitochondria. This process has been associated with the onset of type 1 diabetes via apoptosis of pancreatic beta-cells and the onset of type 2 diabetes via insulin resistance. Furthermore, insulin deficiency also promotes β-oxidation of fatty acids, which results in increased formation of hydrogen peroxide. As such, under the diabetic condition the increased levels of ROS will damage the pancreas and liver cells. In recent diabetic treatments, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors are most warranted because they increase post-prandial hyperglycemic conditions. The antioxidant ability of phenolic compounds in fruits and vegetables could be attributed to their properties such as reducing agents, hydrogen donors, singlet hydrogen quenchers and/or metal ion-chelators [2]. Therefore, natural antioxidants can also inhibit the key enzymes α-amylase, α-glucosidase and control the post-prandial hyperglycemic conditions which are a potential approach to cure the type 2 diabetes mellitus [3]. Despite the development of numerous antimicrobial drugs in recent years, the incidence of multi drug resistance by pathogenic microorganisms has increased. Nowadays the therapeutic properties of plant polyphenols have also demonstrated antimicrobial effects by causing structural or functional damage to the bacterial cell membrane. Several studies have also shown that fruits rich in polyphenols exert both antioxidant and antimicrobial effects [4]. The species of Passifloraceae are very popular for their passion fruits wherein almost 294 volatile compounds of interest have been isolated from them [5]. Passiflora ligularis, commonly called as Sweet granadilla, grow in the cool highlands in Indonesia, New Guinea, Jamaica, Sri Lanka, India and several other tropical regions of the world. Morton [6] have previously reported that the P. ligularis fruit pulp consists of considerable amount of nutrients like protein, carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamin C and crud fiber. The peel possesses high molecular weight polysaccharides like xylose, glucose, galactose, galactosamine, and fructose [7]. Several types of fruits of Passifloraceae have been found to possess antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. However, the fruits of P. ligularis have not been exposed to antioxidant and pharmacological investigations. Therefore the present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the pulp extract of the P. ligularis fruit.